Jacob Irgens-Møller Nielsen - BirdChronicle.com

Iowa is home to 7 different woodpecker species, that vary quite a lot in their way of living. Woodpeckers are important members of forest ecosystems, playing crucial roles in controlling insect populations and shaping tree habitats through their nesting and foraging behaviors. This article aims to introduce readers to the woodpecker species found in Iowa and provide insights into their identification, distribution, behavior, and conservation status. From the common downy woodpecker to the elusive pileated woodpecker, readers will learn about the physical and behavioral characteristics that distinguish these birds, where to find them in Iowa, and how to lure them to your backyard bird feeders. Whether you are a seasoned birdwatcher or a newcomer to the world of woodpeckers, this guide will help you appreciate the beauty and importance of these iconic birds in Iowa's natural landscapes. 1. Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker A yellow-bellied sapsucker and the shallow holes that it pecked on the tree. Scientific name: Melanerpes flavifrons Life span: 5 to 8 years Size: 8 to 10 inches Weight: 2.5 oz Wingspan: 14 to 16 inches Status: Least Concern The yellow-bellied sapsucker is a remarkable bird, boasting striking black and white plumage, paired with a vibrant yellow bill. This medium-sized avian species is widely distributed across North America, stretching from Alaska all the way down to Mexico. The bird is often found visiting deciduous forests, orchards, and parks, where it puts on a show with its captivating behavior. The yellow-bellied sapsucker is renowned for its peculiar feeding habit of drilling shallow holes in trees to access the sap and insects underneath the bark, as depicted in the above photograph. Nesting Behavior Yellow-bellied sapsuckers, a migratory species of woodpecker, can be observed in Iowa year-round. Typically starting their nesting season in late April or early May, these monogamous birds typically form lifelong pairs. Males establish territories and use elaborate courtship displays to attract females, including drumming on trees and vocalizing. Once a pair has united, they build nests in dead trees or branches, natural cavities, or repurposed woodpecker holes. Diet Yellow-bellied sapsuckers are known for their unique feeding habits, which primarily involve consuming tree sap. They use their beaks to drill shallow holes into bark, accessing the sweet liquid inside. These holes also attract insects, wanting to feed on the sap, and these critters make up a significant portion of their diet. While they may resort to consuming fruits and small birds during times of scarcity, it is not their primary source of nourishment. Conservation Although the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified yellow-bellied sapsuckers as a species of "Least Concern," certain regions have seen declines in their populations due to habitat degradation and loss. Conservation efforts prioritize the protection and preservation of their natural habitat, including mature forested areas with both coniferous and deciduous trees. These initiatives have proven effective in maintaining stable bird populations in several regions, but localized declines have been reported in areas with extensive deforestation. Where to Find Them Yellow-bellied sapsuckers can be found in Iowa year-round. They prefer to inhabit deciduous forests, particularly those with a mix of both mature and young trees. It's important to keep in mind that yellow-bellied sapsuckers can be elusive, so patience and a keen eye are necessary when searching for them. 2. Red-Headed Woodpecker The red-headed woodpecker about to hammer into the wood. Photo: Johnny Gunn / Pixabay Scientific name: Melanerpes erythrocephalus Life span: 8 to 10 years Size: 19 to 25 cm (7.5 to 9.8 in) Weight: 56 to 97 g (2.0 to 3.4 oz) Wingspan: 35 to 43 cm (14 to 17 in) Status: Least Concern With its striking red head and neck, black body and wings, and white patches at the tail's base and underneath, the red-headed woodpecker is a visually captivating bird. These medium-sized woodpeckers are prevalent in Iowa due to the abundance of insects, invertebrates, fruits, and nuts available for their nourishment. In addition, they are known for their quirky feeding maneuvers, frequently turning upside down while foraging for food on trees. Nesting Behavior The red-headed woodpecker fiercely defends its territory. During their breeding season, which usually starts in May, males attract potential mates by rapidly and loudly drumming on dead trees. Once the pair has bonded, they collaborate to excavate hollows in decaying trees to lay their eggs. The female will then incubate the eggs while the males is gathering food for the chicks and the mother and protecting them from predators and rival birds. After the chicks' first flights, the family remains close, gathering sustenance and resting in harmony before departing to build their domains. Diet Red-headed woodpeckers are versatile eaters, consuming fruits, berries, nuts, and even nestlings and eggs from smaller birds. Despite being classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, their population has substantially declined due to habitat loss and the scarcity of suitable nesting sites. Conservation To help the red-headed woodpeckers, it has become common for bird lovers to establish bird feeders and artificial nests. Conserving dead trees and constructing new nesting sites are crucial efforts for the preservation and possible expansion of their population. Due to conservation efforts and their natural trend, the Red-Headed Woodpecker is classified as “Least Concern” by IUCN. Where to Find Them Red-headed woodpeckers can be found in Iowa during the summer breeding season. They prefer to inhabit open woodlands, savannas, and parklands with mature trees and open areas for foraging. When searching for red-headed woodpeckers, look for dead trees or snags, as they often use these for nesting and foraging. Additionally, listen for their distinctive calls, which include a series of sharp "peek" or "queer" notes. 3. Downy Woodpecker A downy woodpecker taking a rest on a log. Photo: Jack Bulmer / Pixabay Scientific name: Picoides pubescens Life span: 2 to 5 years Size: 6 to 7 inches Weight: 1 oz Wingspan: 13 inches Status: Least Concern The small yet formidable downy woodpecker can be found all over North America, from the frigid expanse of Alaska to the balmy terrain of Mexico, and is abundant in the old-growth forests of Iowa. This charming bird sports a distinct black and white striped head and a short chisel-like beak. Its black back and crisp white underparts, along with a conspicuous white patch on its wings during flight, add to its appeal. Despite its size, the downy woodpecker serves an essential function in forest ecosystems by controlling insect populations and disseminating seeds of trees and other plants. Bird enthusiasts and backyard birdwatchers alike relish watching this nimble bird's acrobatic maneuvers as it scours tree branches and trunks for sustenance. Nesting Behavior When it comes to nesting, the downy woodpecker is a true team player, with both males and females working together to peck away at the wood until they create a cozy cavity for their offspring. Once the nest is complete, it is lined with soft materials for added comfort. Diet As for its diet, the downy woodpecker has a diverse palate that includes insects such as ants, caterpillars, and beetles, which it skillfully finds by pecking at tree barks. It also enjoys sipping on shrubs and tree saps by pecking holes in the bark. The downy woodpecker is an adaptable bird and will feed on other food sources like seeds, fruits, and nuts if necessary. Conservation Unfortunately, the downy woodpecker's population has declined in certain regions due to habitat degradation and loss. Despite this, the species is still considered to be of "Least Concern" by the IUCN, and efforts have been made to conserve and protect the species and its habitats. These conservation endeavors include preserving and restoring crucial habitats, promoting sustainable forestry practices, and controlling invasive species. Where to Find Them Downy woodpeckers are year-round residents in Iowa and can be found in a variety of wooded habitats, including deciduous forests, parks, and residential areas with mature trees. When searching for downy woodpeckers, look for their characteristic black-and-white coloring, small size, and short, straight bills. They often forage on tree trunks and branches, probing for insects and other small prey, so keep an eye out for movement and listen for their distinctive drumming sound. 4. Hairy Woodpecker The hairy woodpecker sitting on a birch tree. Photo: Jennifer Beebe / Pixabay Scientific name: Picoides villosus Life span: 5 to 10 years Size: 7 to 10 inches Weight: 1.5 oz Wingspan: 16 to 20 inches Status: Least Concern The hairy woodpecker is a native species in Iowa that can be found in various habitats ranging from the Alaskan forests to the Mexican suburbs. With its striking black and white plumage, long chisel-like beak, and unique personality, it's hard not to be fascinated by this bird. The hairy woodpecker is a frequent visitor to bird feeders, making it a beloved sight for bird enthusiasts. But what really sets it apart is its loud and characteristic drumming on trees, using its strong beak. This behavior is one of the reasons why both backyard birders and seasoned birdwatchers are captivated by this species. Nesting Behavior The hairy woodpecker is a monogamous bird that mates for life, forming pairs during the mating season in late winter or early spring. Males establish their territories and engage in courtship displays such as drumming on trees, calling, and showing off their plumage to attract a female. Once a pair is formed, they will begin constructing a nest. These cavity nesters excavate their own nests in dead trees or branches and will often reuse the same nest year after year, maintaining and repairing it as needed. Diet For its diet, the hairy woodpecker mainly feeds on a variety of insects such as caterpillars, ants, and beetles, which it catches by pecking on tree barks and other wooden surfaces. It also sucks saps from shrubs and trees and ingests seeds, fruits, and nuts from various plant species. Conservation Although classified as "Least Concern" by IUCN, the hairy woodpecker's population has declined in some areas due to habitat loss and degradation. However, conservation efforts are underway to protect these woodpeckers and their habitats. Where to Find Them Hairy woodpeckers are year-round residents in Iowa and can be found in a variety of wooded habitats, including deciduous forests, parks, and residential areas with mature trees. When searching for hairy woodpeckers, look for their characteristic black-and-white coloring, medium size, and long, chisel-like bills. They often forage on tree trunks and branches, probing for insects and other small prey, so keep an eye out for movement and listen for their distinctive drumming sound. 5. Pileated Woodpecker A pileated woodpecker looking for food on a dead tree stump. Photo: Veronika Andrews / Pixabay Scientific name: Dryocopus pileatus Life span: 6 to 10 years Size: 16 to 19 inches Weight: 10 to 12 oz Wingspan: 26 to 30 inches Status: Least Concern The pileated woodpecker is a majestic bird that can be found across North America. With its striking black plumage, contrasting white-colored neck, and bold white stripe across its wings, it's hard to miss this remarkable bird. Not only is its appearance unique, but it's also known for its loud and distinctive calls that echo through old-growth and mature forests. These forests are the preferred habitat for this species, where it finds its prey, including various insects like wood-boring beetles and carpenter ants. This impressive bird's drumming can be heard throughout the dense forests of Iowa, making it easy to detect. Nesting Behavior Nesting is a collaborative affair for these woodpeckers. They mate for life and fiercely protect their territory, intimidating any challengers with vocalizations and displays. These skilled excavators create spacious cavities in decaying trees for their homes, which they use for roosting, nesting, and storing food. In the absence of natural options, they adapt to using artificial nest boxes. Diet The pileated woodpecker has an omnivorous diet that includes both animals and plant materials. They primarily feed on insects, extracting different species of ants, beetles, and other insects from decaying trees using their strong beaks and elongated tongues. Conservation The pileated woodpecker's population declined due to deforestation in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, reforestation efforts and the development of urban and suburban forests have contributed to their impressive resurgence. Currently, they are a species of low conservation concern, classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, with a thriving and expanding population. Despite the challenges posed by habitat loss and degradation, conservation efforts for this species focus on securing and restoring their natural habitats, providing suitable nesting and foraging areas to ensure their survival. Where to Find Them https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVG27nbKoBM Pileated woodpeckers are rare in Iowa, but they can occasionally be found in the state. They prefer large tracts of mature deciduous and mixed forests with plenty of dead and decaying trees. When searching for pileated woodpeckers, look for their large size, black-and-white coloring, and distinctive red crests. They often forage on dead trees, hammering at the bark to find insects and other prey. Listen for their distinctive drumming sound, which is often described as sounding like a jackhammer. Keep in mind that pileated woodpeckers can be elusive, so patience and persistence are key when searching for them. 6. Northern Flicker A northern flicker taking a rest on a branch. Photo: Veronika Andrews / Pixabay Scientific name: Melanerpes flavifrons Life span: 5 to 8 years Size: 8 to 10 inches Weight: 2.5 oz Wingspan: 14 to 16 inches Status: Least Concern The northern flicker is a woodpecker that can be found in various parts of North America, from Alaska to Mexico, and is a common sight in suburban areas, parks, and forests. Its striking appearance includes black bibs, boldly-patterned underparts, and red nape patches, along with brownish-red wings and back, and a long, straight bill. This versatile bird feeds on a range of foods, including insects, seeds, and fruits, which contributes to its adaptability. Bird enthusiasts find the northern flicker particularly exciting to watch, as it engages in energetic drumming and aerial acrobatics. Nesting Behavior The northern flicker is a fascinating woodpecker species renowned for its unique nesting habits. These birds are very skilled excavators and will often use dying or already dead trees to turn into their homes. They are also adaptable creatures and will settle for man-made structures or utility poles if natural cavities are unavailable. Diet In addition, northern flickers are skilled foragers, feeding on both plant and animal materials. They hunt for various insects, such as termites, caterpillars, ants, and beetles, which they search for in trees and on the ground. They also consume fruits, berries, and nuts from trees like oak, maple, and holly. In wintertime, when insects are scarce, they use their long tongues to extract tree saps. Conservation Conservation-wise, the northern flicker is abundant and widespread, with a population of 10 to 20 million individuals, and is classified by the IUCN as of "Least Concern." Although some subspecies have suffered from habitat loss, especially deforestation for agriculture and urban development, they have become adapted to anthropocenic landscapes, including urban areas. Therefore, conservation efforts mainly focus on restoring and preserving their natural habitats, as well as providing suitable foraging and nesting sites to ensure their survival. Where to Find Them Northern flickers are common in Iowa and can be found in a variety of habitats, including open woodlands, forest edges, parks, and residential areas with mature trees. When searching for northern flickers, look for their distinctive brown and black plumage with white spots on their backs and wings, and a patch of red on the back of their head. They often forage on the ground, probing for ants and other insects, so keep an eye out for movement and listen for their distinctive "wik-wik-wik" calls. They also frequently perch on trees and utility poles and may drum on these surfaces to communicate with other birds. 7. Red-Bellied Woodpecker The red-bellied woodpecker enjoying the sunshine. Photo: Jack Bulmer / Pixabay Scientific name: Melanerpes carolinus Life span: 10 to 12 years Size: 22 to 26 cm (9 to 10 in) Weight: 56 to 91 g (2 to 3.2 oz) Wingspan: 35 to 43 cm (14 to 17 in) Status: Least Concern The red-bellied woodpecker is truly an impressive and quite large bird. Its remarkable red head, neck, and underparts, combined with its black back, wings, and tail, make it effortlessly recognizable. In addition, this species has a significant white patch at the base of its tail, as well as conspicuous white bars on its wings that are easily seen during flight, further distinguishing it from other birds in the area. The red-bellied woodpecker is also equipped with a powerful beak, which it skillfully uses to search for insects and other delicious treats among tree trunks, branches, and foliage. Nesting Behavior When it comes to nesting, the red-bellied woodpecker is an impressive cavity-nester, building its home within tree holes. The male is responsible for carving out the cavity in a decaying tree, while the female lines the interior with wood chips. Together, they fiercely protect their young in this safe haven from other woodpecker birds and predators. Diet As for diet, the red-bellied woodpecker is omnivorous and primarily feeds on insects such as bees, ants, wasps, beetles, spiders, and snails. It also enjoys fruits and nuts, including seeds, acorns, and berries, which it sources from the many mature forests it calls home. With its powerful beak, this woodpecker can easily drill holes into tree bark, exposing hidden insects and cracking nuts and seeds. Conservation Fortunately, the red-bellied woodpecker population has been on the rise in Iowa since the early 2000s, and the species is currently labeled as "Least Concern" by the IUCN due to its huge population. Interestingly, forest clearings for agriculture have positively impacted the species by creating open woodlands and forest edges that make ideal habitats. Moreover, the species has adapted to human-modified landscapes such as suburban areas and is frequently spotted in various parks. Where to Find Them Red-bellied woodpeckers are common in Iowa and can be found in a variety of habitats, including deciduous forests, woodlands, parks, and suburban areas with mature trees. When searching for red-bellied woodpeckers, look for their distinctive black and white zebra-like pattern on their backs, red crown, and red nape. They often forage on tree trunks and branches, probing for insects and other prey, so keep an eye out for movement and listen for their distinctive "cha-cha-cha" calls. They may also be seen visiting backyard feeders for suet and other food sources. Conclusion Iowa's woodpeckers are a fascinating and rewarding subject of study for birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts. Their striking plumage, unique behaviors, and vital ecological role make them a valuable part of the state's natural heritage. However, it's essential to remember that these birds are also sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation, relying on healthy forests for their survival. By gaining knowledge about and appreciating these amazing birds, we can take significant steps to safeguard and conserve them for the enjoyment of future generations. Some good areas to look for woodpeckers in Iowa include: Effigy Mounds National Monument Yellow River State Forest Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge Mines of Spain Recreation Area Lake Macbride State Park